They are a group living since deep prehistoric times on the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal. Although politically part of India, the islands are geographically closer to Thailand than to India. Until less than 200 years ago, the islands' sole inhabitants were several tribes of Negritos. They had a fearsome and fully deserved reputation for killing any outsiders they found trying to land on their islands, from would-be traders to shipwrecked sailors. Their islands lie right across ancient sea trading routes, but no outside group has succeeded in establishing a foothold there until in 1858, the British established a penal colony and introduced convicts, jailers and diseases. Genetic evidence hints at a Negrito residence in the islands going back more than 30,000 years, and possibly reaching as far back as 60,000 years. It is thought that the surviving Negritos are a remnant population representing an early -- perhaps the earliest -- migration out of Africa of modern Homo sapiens. That such an early population could have survived into our days is a major miracle, made possible only by the Andamanese ferocity toward outsiders and their geographical isolation over tens of thousands of years.
A geographical map of Africa, showing the ecological break that defines the sub-Saharan area
Sub-Saharan Africa is the term used to describe the area of the African continent which lies south of the Sahara desert. Geographically, the demarcation line is the southern edge of the Sahara Desert.
Since around 4,000 years before present[1], the north and sub-Saharan regions of Africa have been separated by the extremely harsh climate of the sparsely populated Sahara, forming an effective barrier interrupted by only the Nile River. The peoples south of the Sahara (excluding the Nile Valley) developed in relative isolation from the rest of the world. The modern term sub-Saharan corresponds with the standard representation of North as above and South as below. Tropical Africa and Equatorial Africa are alternative modern labels, used for the distinctive ecology of the region. However, if strictly applied, this term would exclude South Africa, most of which lies outside the Tropics. History
In 19th Century Europe and the Western world, the area was sometimes referred to as "Black Africa." This was partly due to the skin color of its inhabitants and partly because much of it had not been fully mapped or explored by Westerners. Some object to the usage of the term, such as cultural writer and filmmaker Owen 'Alik Shahadah. Critique of the term
The G8's Greater Middle East includes Sub-Saharan African countries
Some object to the usage of the term and see it is as misleading and a racist colonial way of viewing Africa. [2][3][4][5] Academic and cultural writer Owen 'Alik Shahadah states "...This barrier of sand hence confined Africans to the bottom of this make-believe location, which exists neither linguistically, ethnically, politically or physically...Somalia and Djibouti are part of the same political Islamic alignment just like many so-called Arab countries." (See Arab League). Others such as P. Godfrey Okoth, Department of History University of California, states that European travelers and geographers created the concept of "two Africa’s," sets up the removal of African contribution to world civilization.[5][5] Economies
Generally, sub-Saharan Africa is the poorest region in the world, suffering from the effects of economic mismanagement, local corruption, inter-ethnic conflict and the legacy of colonialism and slavery. The region contains many of the least developed countries in the world. (See Economy of Africa.) Sub-Saharan Africa, especially East Africa, is regarded by some geneticists as being the birthplace of the human race (the genus Homo). Mitochondrial Eve, from whom all humans alive are descended, is thought to have lived in present day Ethiopia or Tanzania. Sub-Saharan Africa has been the site of many empires and kingdoms, including the Axum, Wagadu (Ghana Empire), Mali, Nok, Songhai, Kanem, Bornu, Benin and Great Zimbabwe.
Up to and including October 2006 many governments face difficulties in implementing policies aimed at mitigating the effects of the AIDS-pandemic due to lack of technical support despite a number of mitigating measures. [1]
The population of sub-Saharan Africa was 750 million in 2005. [2] Health care
In 1987, Bamako was the location of a WHO conference known as the Bamako Initiative that helped reshape the health policy of sub-Saharan Africa.[6] The new strategy dramatically increased accessibility through community-based healthcare reform, resulting in more efficient and equitable provision of services. A comprehensive approach strategy was extended to all areas of health care, with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost.[7][8] Nations of sub-Saharan Africa
There are 42 countries located on the sub-Saharan African mainland and 6 island nations. According to this classification scheme, the countries of sub-Saharan Africa are: Central AfricaDemocratic Republic of Congo Republic of Congo Central African Republic Rwanda Burundi East AfricaSudan Kenya Tanzania Uganda Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Somalia (including Somaliland) Southern AfricaAngola Botswana Lesotho Malawi Mozambique Namibia South Africa Swaziland Zambia Zimbabwe West AfricaBenin Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Côte d'Ivoire Equatorial Guinea Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Island nationsCape Verde (West Africa) Comoros (Southern Africa) Madagascar (Southern Africa) Mauritius (Southern Africa) São Tomé and Príncipe (West Africa) Seychelles (East Africa)
Territories Mayotte (France) Réunion (France) Socotra (Yemen) Saint Helena and Ascension (UK) Notes1. ^ [3] 2. ^ Shahadah, Owen 'Alik, Linguistics for a new African reality, first published at the Cheikh Anta Diop conference in 2005, retrieved July 152007 3. ^ Nehusi, Kimani, Mental Enslavement, From Medew Netjer to Ebonics, retrieved July 172007 4. ^ Muhammad, Andrew, Andrew Muhammad, chapter Hidden History, Free Your Mind, retrieved July 152007 5. ^ Okoth, P. Godfrey The Truman Administration and the Decolonization of Sub-Saharan Africa Journal of Third World Studies, retrieved July 152007: The idea of "Sub-Saharan Africa," is, therefore, 'a myth or misleading. It cannot be accepted as it tantamount to the balkanization of Africa, thereby denying Africa its rightful role in contributing to world civilization 6. ^ User fees for health: a background. Retrieved on 2006-12-28. 7. ^ Implementation of the Bamako Initiative: strategies in Benin and Guinea. Retrieved on 2006-
1.INTERESTING READING ABOUT FOUNDING FATHER AND SLAVERY
2. HOW AND WHEN SLAVERY BEGIN
Recommended for further readingThe truth about "Separation of Church and State" - When did the government pass this law and where can it be found? Answer What is the legal and moral role of the Bible and Christianity in the U.S.A.? Should God be separated from American government? Answer How important is it to be "Politically Correct?" Answer What is legally permissible for students in America's public schools? Answer Is the religion of Secular Humanism being taught in public school classrooms? Answer Should Christians seek political power, or should we only focus on evangelism? Answer David W. Barton, Original Intent: The Courts, The Constitution, and Religion (Wallbuilder Press, 1996).
George Washington was born into a world in which slavery was accepted. He became a slave owner when his father died in 1743. At the age of eleven, he inherited ten slaves and 500 acres of land. When he began farming Mount Vernon eleven years later, at the age of 22, he had a work force of about 36 slaves. With his marriage to Martha Custis in 1759, 20 of her slaves came to Mount Vernon. After their marriage, Washington purchased even more slaves. The slave population also increased because the slaves were marrying and raising their own families. By 1799, when George Washington died, there were 316 slaves living on the estate.
The skilled and manual labor needed to run Mount Vernon was largely provided by slaves. Many of the working slaves were trained in crafts such as milling, coopering, blacksmithing, carpentry,and shoemaking. The others worked as house servants, boatmen, coachmen or field hands. Some female slaves were also taught skills, particularly spinning, weaving and sewing, while others worked as house servants or in the laundry, the dairy, or the kitchen. Many female slaves also worked in the fields. Almost three-quarters of the 184 working slaves at Mount Vernon worked in the fields, and of those, about 60% were women.
The workday for slaves was from sun-up to sun-down, six days a week. Sunday was a day of rest.
Although George Washington was born into a world where slavery was accepted, his attitude toward slavery changed as he grew older. During the Revolution, as he and fellow patriots strove for liberty, Washington became increasingly conscious of the contradiction between this struggle and the system of slavery. By the time of his presidency, he seems to have believed that slavery was wrong and against the principles of the new nation.
As President, Washington did not lead a public fight against slavery, however, because he believed it would tear the new nation apart. Abolition had many opponents, especially in the South. Washington seems to have feared that if he took such a public stand, the southern states would withdraw from the Union (something they would do seventy years later, leading to the Civil War). He had worked too hard to build the country to risk tearing it apart.
Privately, however, Washington could -- and did -- lead by example. In his will, he arranged for all of the slaves he owned to be freed after the death of his wife, Martha. He also left instructions for the continued care and education of some of his former slaves, support and training for all of the children until they came of age, and continuing support for the elderly.
Slave Quarters
The House For FamiliesThe slaves living at the Mansion House farm were housed in communal quarters. The House for Families, pictured on the left, was used until 1793. Archaeologists excavating the site 200 years later uncovered many objects, which helped us discover how slaves in the House for Families lived.
Some slaves lived above their place of work, such as the kitchen or carpentry shop. Others lived in quarters adjacent to the greenhouse. Although we know a great deal about many of the slaves living on the estate, the records tell us very little about how the living spaces were assigned or who lived in each quarter.
Mount Vernon exhibit showing the interior of one of the Greenhouse slave quarters at the Mansion House Farm.
Housing for slaves living on the outlying farms was considerably worse than the housing for slaves on the Mansion House farm. The field slaves lived in small wooden cabins with dirt floors. The cabins were drafty, meagerly furnished, and hard to keep clean.
At Jamestown, Virginia, approximately 20 captive Africans are sold into slavery in the British North American colonies.
1612 The first commercial tobacco crop is raised in Jamestown, Virginia.
1626 The Dutch West India Company imports 11 black male slaves into the New Netherlands.
1636 Colonial North America's slave trade begins when the first American slave carrier, Desire, is built and launched in Massachusetts.
1640 John Punch, a runaway black servant, is sentenced to servitude for life. His two white companions are given extended terms of servitude. Punch is the first documented slave for life.
1640 New Netherlands law forbids residents from harboring or feeding runaway slaves.
1641 The D'Angola marriage is the first recorded marriage between blacks in New Amsterdam.
Massachusetts is the first colony to legalize slavery.
1643 The New England Confederation of Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Haven adopts a fugitive slave law.
1650 Connecticut legalizes slavery.
1652 Rhode Island passes laws restricting slavery and forbidding enslavement for more than 10 years.
1652 Massachusetts requires all black and Indian servants to receive military training.
1654 A Virginia court grants blacks the right to hold slaves.
1657 Virginia passes a fugitive slave law.
1660 Charles II, King of England, orders the Council of Foreign Plantations to devise strategies for converting slaves and servants to Christianity.
n Virginia, black slaves and black and white indentured servants band together to participate in Bacon's Rebellion.
1680 The State of Virginia forbids blacks and slaves from bearing arms, prohibits blacks from congregating in large numbers, and mandates harsh punishment for slaves who assault Christians or attempt escape.
1682 Virginia declares that all imported black servants are slaves for life.
1684 New York makes it illegal for slaves to sell goods.
1688 The Pennsylvania Quakers pass the first formal antislavery resolution.
1691 Virginia passes the first anti-miscegenation law, forbidding marriages between whites and blacks or whites and Native Americans.
1691 Virginia prohibits the manumission of slaves within its borders. Manumitted slaves are forced to leave the colony.
1691 South Carolina passes the first comprehensive slave codes.
Rice cultivation is introduced into Carolina. Slave importation increases dramatically.
1696 The Royal African Trade Company loses its monopoly and New England colonists enter the slave trade.
1700 Pennsylvania legalizes slavery.
1702 New York passes An Act for Regulating Slaves. Among the prohibitions of this act are meetings of more than three slaves, trading by slaves, and testimony by slaves in court.
1703 Massachusetts requires every master who liberates a slave to pay a bond of 50 pounds or more in case the freedman becomes a public charge.
1703 Connecticut assigns the punishment of whipping to any slaves who disturb the peace or assault whites.
1703 Rhode Island makes it illegal for blacks and Indians to walk at night without passes.
The Missouri Compromise forbids slavery in the Louisiana territory north of Missouri's Southern border. Under its terms, Maine is admitted to the Union as a free state and Missouri as a slave state.
1820 South Carolina announces penalties for introducing any written anti-slavery material into the state.
1820 In Charleston, South Carolina, slaves are required to wear distinctive identification tags. This law is later extended to free blacks in the city as well.
1822 Liberia is founded as a colony for blacks fleeing America.
1822 In South Carolina, Denmark Vesey is accused of organizing a massive slave uprising. Almost forty slaves, including Vesey, are executed. Others are sold out of the state.
1823 Alexander Lucius Twilight graduates from Middlebury College, making him the first black college graduate in the U.S.
1826 Pennsylvania passes an anti-kidnapping law to protect free blacks.
1827 Tennessee officially bans slave trading.
1827 Texas requires that one tenth of the slaves inherited by any estate be freed.
1827 Texas permits slaves to be sold between individuals. The thirteenth amendment to the U.S. Constitution abolishes slavery throughout the country.
1865 At the recommendation of Robert E. Lee, the Confederate Congress signs and passes the "Negro Soldier Bill," allowing slave enlistment.
1865 Joseph Johnston surrenders to Union forces
1865 General Lee surrenders to Union General Grant at the Appomattox Court House in Virginia.
1865 The newly re-elected Lincoln is assassinated. Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, becomes president. Johnson's Reconstruction plan offers amnesty to those promising future loyalty and requires that leading Confederate officials submit for individual Presidential pardons. States must also ratify the thirteenth amendment.
1865 Tennessee abolishes slavery.
1865 Mississippi enacts a "Black Code."
1865 Congress refuses to acknowledge state governments formed under Johnson's reconstruction plan.
1865 Congress establishes the U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands (The Freedmen's Bureau) to assist former slaves in the transition to freedom.
1866 Virginia legally recognizes marriages between African Americans and grants children of those marriages legitimacy and inheritance rights.
1866 The Republican majority Congress passes a Civil Rights Bill to protect the rights of blacks. After repeated presidential vetoes, Congress overrides Johnson to enact the bill
Democrats win control of both houses of Congress for the first time since the Antebellum period.
1874 Whites regain majority control of the South Carolina legislature.
1875 An outgoing Republican Congress passes a Civil Rights Act granting African Americans equal access to public accommodations, including transportation.
1875 Whites in Mississippi vote in a "Redeemer" government.
1875 In Mississippi, over 20 African Americans are killed in the "Clinton Massacre."
1877 By the so-called "Compromise of 1877," Republican Rutherford B. Hayes becomes president and the last federal troops withdraw from the South, marking the end of Reconstruction.
1877 Whites in Florida and Louisiana vote in "Redeemer" governments.
1878 The relocation of former slaves to Kansas, called the "Exoduster Movement," begins. Within the year, 30,000 blacks migrate to Kansas.
1881 Tennessee passes the first of its "Jim Crow" laws, segregating the state railroad. Other states follow the lead and legalize segregation.
The thirteenth amendment to the U.S. Constitution abolishes slavery throughout the country.
1865 At the recommendation of Robert E. Lee, the Confederate Congress signs and passes the "Negro Soldier Bill," allowing slave enlistment.
1865 Joseph Johnston surrenders to Union forces
1865 General Lee surrenders to Union General Grant at the Appomattox Court House in Virginia.
1865 The newly re-elected Lincoln is assassinated. Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, becomes president. Johnson's Reconstruction plan offers amnesty to those promising future loyalty and requires that leading Confederate officials submit for individual Presidential pardons. States must also ratify the thirteenth amendment.
1865 Tennessee abolishes slavery.
1865 Mississippi enacts a "Black Code."
1865 Congress refuses to acknowledge state governments formed under Johnson's reconstruction plan.
1865 Congress establishes the U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands (The Freedmen's Bureau) to assist former slaves in the transition to freedom.
1866 Virginia legally recognizes marriages between African Americans and grants children of those marriages legitimacy and inheritance rights.
1866 The Republican majority Congress passes a Civil Rights Bill to protect the rights of blacks. After repeated presidential vetoes, Congress overrides Johnson to enact the bill
1875 An outgoing Republican Congress passes a Civil Rights Act granting African Americans equal access to public accommodations, including transportation.
1875 Whites in Mississippi vote in a "Redeemer" government.
1875 In Mississippi, over 20 African Americans are killed in the "Clinton Massacre."
1877 By the so-called "Compromise of 1877," Republican Rutherford B. Hayes becomes president and the last federal troops withdraw from the South, marking the end of Reconstruction.
1877 Whites in Florida and Louisiana vote in "Redeemer" governments.
1878 The relocation of former slaves to Kansas, called the "Exoduster Movement," begins. Within the year, 30,000 blacks migrate to Kansas.
1881 Tennessee passes the first of its "Jim Crow" laws, segregating the state railroad. Other states follow the lead and legalize segregation.
living quarters
of slave
JOHN BROWN CUT DOWN BY ORDERS
They are a group living since deep prehistoric times on the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal. Although politically part of India, the islands are geographically closer to Thailand than to India. Until less than 200 years ago, the islands' sole inhabitants were several tribes of Negritos. They had a fearsome and fully deserved reputation for killing any outsiders they found trying to land on their islands, from would-be traders to shipwrecked sailors. Their islands lie right across ancient sea trading routes, but no outside group has succeeded in establishing a foothold there until in 1858, the British established a penal colony and introduced convicts, jailers and diseases. Genetic evidence hints at a Negrito residence in the islands going back more than 30,000 years, and possibly reaching as far back as 60,000 years. It is thought that the surviving Negritos are a remnant population representing an early -- perhaps the earliest -- migration out of Africa of modern Homo sapiens. That such an early population could have survived into our days is a major miracle, made possible only by the Andamanese ferocity toward outsiders and their geographical isolation over tens of thousands of years. 
